Cross-language switching in stop consonant perception and production by Dutch speakers of english
نویسندگان
چکیده
Voiceless Ip,t,k1 are implemented as aspirated stops in English, but as unaspirated stops in Dutch. We examined identification of a voice onset time (VOT) continuum ranging from Ida! to Ita! in two language "sels" designed lO induce nalive Dutch subjects to perceive the stimuli as if they were listening to Dutch or English. The effect of language set was highly significant, but the boundary shift was very small (2.1 ms longer in English than in Dutch) for three groups of subjects differing widely in English language proficiency. It nevertheless showed the subjects were aware of acoustic differences distinguishing Dutch and English It/ and that the procedures were effective in creating differing language sets. Nearly every subject produced a longer mean VOT in English than Dutch It/. The magnitude of the production shift was significantly greater for proficient than non-proficient subjects. Proficient Dutch speakers of English produced Dutch It/ with shorter VOT values than non-proficient subjects, suggesting they formed a new category for English It/. We speculate that the language set effect was small because subjecls used their English It/ category to identify stops in both sets. This was probably due to the fact that the synthetic stimuli, which were modeled on the English Itl-Idl contrast, differed substantially from their Dutch It/ cat~gory. Zusammenrassung. Stimmlose Ip,t,k1 werden im Englischen als aspirierte, im Niederliindischen hingegen als nicht-aspirierte Explosivlaute klassifiziert. Untersucht wurde die Identifikation eines VOT-Kontinuums beim Obergang von Ida! nach Ita! in zwei unterschiedlichen Sprach-"Umgebungen", die niederliindischen Versuchspersonen den Eindruck vermitteln sollten, als horten sie die Stimuli in englischem oder niederliindischem Sprachmaterial. Die Umgebung zeigte hochsignifikante Auswirkungen, doch konnte bei drei Versuchspersonengruppen unterschiedlicher Beherrschung des Englischen nur eine geringe Verschiebung der Beurteilungsgrenze beobachtet werden (VOT 2,1 ms liinger im Englischen). Immerhin wurde deutlich, dass die Versuchspersonen die akustischen Unterschiede zwischen dem niederliindischen und englischen It/ bemerkten und dass die Prozeduren bei der Bildung unterschiedlicher sprachlicher Umgebungen wirksam waren. Faste jede Versuchsperson produzierte eine liingere durchschnittliche VOT fur ein englisches Ill. Dabei war der Betrag der Verschiebung in der Produktion der Fortgeschrittenen deutlich grosser. Diese Gruppe artikulierte ein niederliindisches It/ mit kurzeren VOT-Werten als die ubrigen Versuchspersonen, was nahelegt, dass sie fUr das englische It I eine neue Kategorie bildete. Wir vermuten, dass die Wirkung der Sprachumgebung gering war, di aile Versuchspersonen ihre englische ItlKategorie zur Identifikation der Explosivlaute in beiden Umgebungen verwendeten. Dies hing wahrscheinlich mit dem Umstand zusammen, dass die synthetischen Stimuli, die aus dem It/-Id/-Kontrast des Englischen abgeleitet waren, sich deutlich von ihrer niederliindischen It/-Kategorie absetzten. Resume. Les consonnes sourdes Ip,t,k1 sont classees comme consonnes aspirees en anglais, mais comme non-aspirees en neerlandais. Nous avons examine I'identification d'un continuum de delai d'etablissement du voisement (VOT) allant de Ida! vers Ita! pour deux "ensembles" linguistiques conl;us pour induire des sujets neerlandophones 11 percevoir les stimuli comme s'ils ecoutaienl soil du neerlandais, soit de I'anglais. L'effel de I'ensemble Iinguistique s'est montre tr~s significatif mais Ie deplacemenl de la fronli~re a ete lres faible (2,1 ms. de plus en anglais) pour lrois groupes de sujels differant largement par leur maitrise linguislique en anglais. 11 en esl ressorli neanmoins que les sujets etaient conscients des differences acoustiques distinguant Ie It/ en neerlandais du It/ en anglais et que les procedures etaient efficaces quant 11 la 0167-6393/87/$3.50 © 1987, Elsevier Science Publishers B.Y. (North-Holland) 186 J. E. Flege, W. Eeftillg I Cross-Iullgl/uge switchillg creation d'ensembles linguistiques differents. Ouasiment chaque sujet a prodl/it un VOT moyen plus long pour un It! en anglais qu'en neerlandais. La taille du deplacement a la production etait significativement plus importante chez les sujets avances que chez les sujcts moins avances. Lcs sujcts plus avances dans leur maitrise de I'anglais ont produit un It! neerlandais avec des valeurs de VOT plus breves que les sujets moins avances ce qui suggere qu'ils ont cree une nouvelle categorie pour Ie It! anglais. Nous avan.;ons I'hypothese que I'effet d'ensemble linguistique a ete faible parce que les sujets ont utilise leur It! anglais pour identifier les occlusives dans les deux ensembles. Ceci a probablement ete du au fait que les stimuli, synthetises sur Ie modele du contraste It!-/d/ en anglais, differaicnt considerablement de leur It! en neerlandais. Keywords, Phonetic categories, speech perception, speech production, second language learning, second-language proficiency.
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عنوان ژورنال:
- Speech Communication
دوره 6 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1987